Solids, liquids and gases
Suggested starting targetUse particle arrangements to explain state properties and changes.
Check scope · page 12Preparing your learning workspace…
Cambridge IGCSE · 2026–2028 exams · official edition v2. Original concise targets, topic mapping and unit investigations.
Full official syllabusDraw particle models before and after a state change; explain what changes and what stays the same.
Use particle arrangements to explain state properties and changes.
Check scope · page 12Explain mixing by random particle movement and compare diffusion observations.
Check scope · page 12Compare supplied particle diagrams and justify bonding-based property predictions.
Distinguish elements, compounds and mixtures using particle diagrams.
Check scope · page 13Calculate particle counts and connect electronic arrangements with table position.
Check scope · page 13Compare atoms with the same proton number but different neutron counts.
Check scope · page 13Model ion formation and connect ionic structure with its properties.
Check scope · page 14Represent shared electrons in simple molecules and link structure with properties.
Check scope · page 14Compare carbon structures and explain differences in physical properties.
Check scope · page 14Balance a selected equation and use appropriate quantities for the student's track.
Construct chemical formulas and balance equations without changing formulas.
Check scope · page 15Calculate relative formula masses and reacting masses using simple ratios.
Check scope · page 15Recognise mass-per-volume and mole-per-volume concentration units.
Check scope · page 16Label an electrolysis or fuel-cell diagram and explain particle and energy movements.
Explain ion movement and identify electrode products for a specified electrolyte.
Check scope · page 16Describe how a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell produces electricity and compare its use.
Check scope · page 17Interpret a supplied temperature-time chart and justify whether energy enters or leaves the system.
Compare exothermic and endothermic changes using temperature evidence.
Check scope · page 18Compare supplied reaction data; identify a fair test and explain one trend.
Distinguish changes using whether a new substance is formed.
Check scope · page 19Interpret reaction-rate data and compare tests with controlled variables.
Check scope · page 19Describe a reversible change and how a condition can reverse it.
Check scope · page 20Identify oxidation and reduction from oxygen transfer in a reaction.
Check scope · page 21Choose a preparation method for a stated salt and explain how purity would be checked.
Use indicators and reaction evidence to compare acids and bases.
Check scope · page 22Classify oxides using acidic or basic behaviour.
Check scope · page 23Choose a salt preparation route based on solubility and reagents.
Check scope · page 23Use group data to predict an unfamiliar member; distinguish evidence from extrapolation.
Use group and period position to predict a chemical pattern.
Check scope · page 24Compare alkali-metal trends and use data to predict a group member.
Check scope · page 24Use halogen trends and displacement evidence to compare reactivity.
Check scope · page 25Distinguish transition metals by characteristic physical and chemical behaviour.
Check scope · page 25Connect full outer shells with low reactivity and suitable uses.
Check scope · page 25Choose a metal or alloy for a stated design and justify its protection or extraction route.
Link metallic properties with typical chemical reactions.
Check scope · page 26Choose a metal for a stated use and justify the relevant properties.
Check scope · page 26Use a structure model to explain why an alloy differs from a pure metal.
Check scope · page 27Rank metals using reaction observations and predict displacement.
Check scope · page 27Identify conditions for rusting and evaluate a protection method.
Check scope · page 28Choose an extraction approach using a metal's reactivity.
Check scope · page 28Evaluate a water-treatment or emissions scenario using supplied observations.
Interpret water-test evidence and describe treatment for a specified purpose.
Check scope · page 29Connect fertiliser composition with the plant nutrients it supplies.
Check scope · page 30Connect named emissions with environmental effects and control strategies.
Check scope · page 30Sort structural formulas by family and justify a predicted reaction or use.
Identify a homologous series and its functional group from a structural formula.
Check scope · page 31Match a simple organic name with a displayed or structural formula.
Check scope · page 32Compare fuel combustion and explain the separation of crude oil fractions.
Check scope · page 33Use saturated structures to predict basic alkane behaviour.
Check scope · page 34Identify unsaturation and explain its detection using reaction evidence.
Check scope · page 34Compare ethanol production routes and explain a practical use.
Check scope · page 35Connect the carboxyl group with characteristic acid reactions.
Check scope · page 35Relate a repeating polymer structure to its monomer and an environmental issue.
Check scope · page 36Interpret a teacher-supplied dataset, select apparatus and propose a repeatable method.
Choose apparatus and variables to obtain interpretable, repeatable measurements.
Check scope · page 37Explain accurate volume measurement and an end point in acid-base titration.
Check scope · page 37Use a chromatogram to compare components and infer a mixture.
Check scope · page 38Select a separation technique using solubility, volatility or particle size.
Check scope · page 38Interpret given qualitative-test observations using a suitable reference table.
Check scope · page 38